Understanding the Stages of a Criminal Trial

Exploring the Standard Procedures of Criminal Trials in the United States

The Law Office of Monte J. Robbins, Esq., with a rich appreciation for America’s common law traditions, offers a detailed guide through the intricate landscape of the criminal trial process. These procedures, shaped by centuries of legal practice, create a consistent framework across state and federal courts. Below is an overview of the typical sequence of events in a criminal trial, from inception to conclusion:

Choice of Adjudication: Defendant’s Privilege
The defendant possesses the right to select trial by a judge (bench trial) or by a jury. Contrarily, the prosecution is not entitled to demand a jury trial.

Jury Selection: The Voir Dire Process
In cases warranting a jury trial, both defense and prosecution partake in a rigorous jury selection process, known as “voir dire.” This involves extensive questioning to ensure an impartial panel. In many jurisdictions, judges facilitate this with input from attorneys.

Pre-Trial Motions: In Limine Hearings
Before the trial commences, both parties may file motions “in limine” to determine the admissibility of certain pieces of evidence.

Initial Case Presentation: Opening Statements
Each side presents opening statements to the judge or jury, providing an overview of the case they intend to substantiate, setting the stage without overpromising on the deliverables. Defense counsel may defer their opening until the defense’s presentation of the case.

The Prosecution’s Burden: Case-in-Chief
The prosecution introduces its principal arguments through the direct questioning of witnesses.

The Defense’s Examination: Cross-Examination Phase
The defense is given the opportunity to cross-examine the prosecution’s witnesses.

Prosecution’s Follow-Up: Redirect Examination
Thereafter, the prosecution may conduct a redirect examination of their witnesses.

Completion of Prosecution’s Presentation: Prosecution Rests
The prosecution concludes its argumentation phase.

Defense’s Argument for Dismissal: Motion to Dismiss (Optional)
The defense might request a dismissal if they believe the prosecution’s evidence is insufficient to convict.

Oft-Rejected Dismissal: Denial of Motion to Dismiss
Typically, the judge dismisses the motion to dismiss, progressing the trial forward.

Defense’s Narrative: Case-in-Chief
The defense then articulates its primary arguments through direct examination of their witnesses.

Prosecution’s Counter: Cross-Examination
The prosecutor cross-examines the defense’s witnesses.

Defense’s Clarification: Redirect Examination
The defense may further elucidate their case through the re-examination of their witnesses.

Defense’s Conclusion: Defense Rests
The defense rests, signaling the end of their case presentation.

Prosecution’s Counterpoint: Rebuttal
The prosecution offers additional evidence contravening the defense’s assertions.

Finalizing Guidelines: Jury Instructions
Both parties collaborate with the judge to devise the final instructions that the judge will present to the jury.

Prosecution’s Summary: Closing Argument
The prosecution delivers its closing argument, underscoring the evidence and advocating for a verdict of guilt.

Defense’s Summary: Closing Argument
The defense delivers its closing argument, reviewing the evidence from its perspective to persuade the jury towards a not guilty decision or a conviction on lesser charges.

Prosecution’s Final Words: Rebuttal
The prosecution is granted the final opportunity to influence the jury, reinforcing their position for a guilty verdict.

Judge’s Direction: Jury Instructions
The judge instructs the jury regarding relevant laws and delineates their responsibilities. Some judges issue these instructions before closing arguments or at the trial’s commencement.

Jury’s Decision-Making: Deliberations
The jury then deliberates towards a verdict, striving for a unanimous decision, although some states offer exceptions.

Defense’s Post-Verdict Moves: Post-Trial Motions
Subsequent to a guilty verdict, the defense may file post-trial motions, either for an acquittal or for a retrial.

Judicial Confirmation: Denial of Post-Trial Motions
These motions are predominantly denied by the presiding judge.

Final Judgment: Sentencing
Assuming a guilty verdict, the judge either determines the sentence immediately or schedules a separate sentencing hearing.

For any questions or if you need legal representation during any phase of a criminal trial, do not hesitate to reach The Law Office of Monte J. Robbins, Esq., at 303-355-5148. We are committed to providing our clients with a vigorous defense and ensuring their rights are fully protected throughout the judicial process.